These improvements range from retrospective to prospective approaches, from grid-based to network-based methods, and from isolated to integrated analysis. Such technology enables a further understanding of the dynamics of crime, and it can lead to developments and improvements in crime and security analysis tools. Recently, big data technology has gained much attention. Thus, the environmental perspective can bridge the gap between urban crime occurrence, crime understanding, and crime mitigation using scientific and effective crime prevention practices. Inspired by such perspective, crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) and situational crime prevention (SCP) have been developed to tackle urban crime problems. They think that environmental factors have a substantial influence on criminal behaviors so that crime prevention should focus on solving the problems at the place of crime. Environmental criminologists have a long and enduring interest in place and its effect on producing crime (Weisburd et al. Therefore, understanding urban crime and security would mitigate urban crime and violence, as well as enhancing the quality of inhabitants’ life and improving urban sustainability (Cozens 2008).Ĭonventionally, crime pattern theory, routine-activity theory, and rational-choice theory-which extensively investigate criminal behaviors to explain how and why crimes occur-have been the main approaches for crime prevention.
On the other hand, security is usually considered as a concept (Baldwin 1997) that confronts the crime problem, by incorporating both the policing to implement crime prevention and the public’s perception of crime and safety. Specifically, the report has shown that 60% of urban inhabitants in developing countries have been victims of crimes and the rate of victimization has reached 70 percent in some cities of Latin America and Africa over five years (UN Habitat 2007). According to a UN report (UN Habitat 2007), though the crime rates have significantly decreased in some developed countries of North America and Western Europe over the past two decades, in other districts, such as Africa and Latin America, the total crime rate increased. Globally, crime and violence are typically more serious in some urban areas than others and are exacerbated due to rapid urban growth. Crime is largely an urban phenomenon (Baldwin et al.
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